Posttraumatic biloma formation: diagnosis and management

One of the rarest complications of the hepatic trauma is a biloma, defined as an abnormal bile collection outside the biliary tree, with intra or extrahepatic localization. Patients with biloma do not present with specific clinical features, which demands a challenging radiological diagnosis. In this report, we present a case of biloma due to blunt hepatic trauma, in which the patient experienced a changing symptomatic spectrum after surgery and had an interesting radiological investigation. The clinical course, imaging features, and management of this case are discussed. (AU)

Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de una lesión de la vía biliar secundaria a un traumatismo abdominal cerrado: Caso clínico / Minimally invasive treatment of biliary tract injury secondary to closed abdominal trauma: Clinical case

Las lesiones hepáticas y de las vías biliares por causa traumática son poco usuales en la edad pediátrica. Del total de pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, menos del 9 % presentan lesión hepática, y la frecuencia varía entre el 2 % y el 3 % de la lesión de las vías biliares. Actualmente, el tratamiento recomendado para el trauma abdominal cerrado con lesión hepática sin repercusión hemodinámica es conservador; en caso de presentar lesión de la vía biliar intra- o extrahepática, los abordajes de preferencia son mínimamente invasivos, como la cirugía percutánea o endoscópica, y se utiliza la laparotomía en casos seleccionados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con trauma abdominal cerrado y trauma hepático, inicialmente laparotomizado en 2 ocasiones por inestabilidad hemodinámica y hemoperitoneo; presentó un bilioma subdiafragmático y coleperitoneo, en el que se realizó un manejo mínimamente invasivo por drenaje percutáneo bajo control tomográfico.

Hepatic and biliary tract injuries due to traumatic causes are rare in pediatric patients. Of the total number of patients with closed abdominal trauma, less than 9 % have liver injury, and the frequency varies between 2 and 3 % of biliary tract lesions. Currently, the recommended treatment for closed abdominal trauma with liver injury without hemodynamic repercussion is conservative. In case of presenting intra or extrahepatic biliary tract lesion, the preferred approaches are minimally invasive, such as percutaneous or endoscopic surgery, using laparotomy in selected cases. We present the case of a patient with closed abdominal trauma and liver trauma, initially laparotomized on 2 occasions due to hemodynamic instability and hemoperitoneum; presented a subdiaphragmatic and coleperitoneal bilioma; it was performed minimally invasive percutaneous drainage under tomographic control.

Comparative analysis of iatrogenic injury of biliary tract in laparotomic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy / Análise comparativa de lesão iatrogênica de vias biliares em colecistectomias laparotômicas e videolaparoscópicas

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic injury to the bile ducts is the most feared complication of cholecystectomy and several are the possibilities to occur. AIM: To compare the cases of iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tract occurring in conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, assessing the likely causal factors, complications and postoperative follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with analysis of records of patients undergoing conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All the patients were analyzed in two years. The only criterion for inclusion was to be operative bile duct injury, regardless of location or time of diagnosis. There were no exclusion criteria. Epidemiological data of patients, time of diagnosis of the lesion and its location were analyzed. RESULTS: Total of 515 patients with gallstones was operated, 320 (62.1 %) by laparotomy cholecystectomy and 195 by laparoscopic approach. The age of patients with bile duct injury ranged from 29-70 years. Among those who underwent laparotomy cholecystectomy, four cases were diagnosed (1.25 %) with lesions, corresponding to 0.77 % of the total patients. No patient had iatrogenic interventions with laparoscopic surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to laparotomy, had a lower rate of bile duct injury. .

RACIONAL: A lesão iatrogênica das vias biliares representa a complicação mais temida na colecistectomia e vários são seus fatores desencadeantes. OBJETIVOS: Estudar comparativamente os casos de lesões iatrogênicas de vias biliares ocorridas em colecistectomias convencionais e videolaparoscópicas, avaliando os prováveis fatores causais, complicações e o seguimento pós-operatório. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, com análise de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à colecistectomias convencionais e videolaparoscópicas. Foram analisados todos os pacientes operados no período de dois anos. O critério de inclusão único foi o de existir lesão operatória da via biliar, independentemente de sua localização ou tempo de diagnóstico. Não houve critérios de exclusão. Foram analisados dados epidemiológicos dos pacientes, tempo de diagnóstico da lesão e sua localização. RESULTADOS: Total de 515 pacientes portadores de litíase biliar foi operado, senod 320 (62,1%) por colecistectomia laparotômica e 195 por videolaparoscópica. A idade dos pacientes com lesão de via biliar variou de 29-70 anos. Entre os submetidos à colecistectomia laparotômica, foram diagnosticados quatro casos (1,25%) com lesão de via biliar, correspondendo à 0,77% do total de pacientes. Nenhum paciente teve iatrogênese com a videocirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: A colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, comparativamente à colecistectomia laparotômica, apresentou menor taxa de lesão de via biliar. .

Estudo ultrassonográfico morfométrico do fígado e trato biliar de suínos submetidos a obstrução biliar experimental / Sonographic morphometry of the liver and biliary tract in porcine models submitted to experimental biliary obstruction

OBJETIVO: Comparar as alterações anatômicas decorrentes de um quadro de icterícia obstrutiva experimental induzida em suínos nos períodos pré e pós-operatório por meio de exame ultrassonográfico.MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Seis suínos da raça Landrace, com 36 dias de idade, foram submetidos a obstrução biliar completa mediante ligadura do ducto colédoco por cirurgia videolaparoscópica.RESULTADOS: Não ocorreram dificuldades na execução dos procedimentos obstrutivos e a recuperação cirúrgica foi eficiente. Decorridos sete dias, os animais apresentaram icterícia, bilirrubinúria e acolia fecal. O exame ultrassonográfico comparativo permitiu visualizar hepatomegalia, colecistomegalia e aumento no calibre do ducto colédoco em todos os animais, assim como alterações decorrentes da colestase. A avaliação morfométrica revelou aumento significativo nos diâmetros da vesícula biliar e do lobo hepático lateral esquerdo.CONCLUSÃO: Os suínos representam um modelo experimental adequado de icterícia obstrutiva, e o exame ultrassonográfico demonstrou-se sensível e relevante no diagnóstico das alterações decorrentes de obstrução biliar extra-hepática nesses animais.

OBJECTIVE: To compare, by means of ultrasonography, pre- and postoperative anatomical changes arising from experimentally induced obstructive jaundice in porcine models.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six 36-day-old Landrace pigs underwent laparoscopically induced complete biliary obstruction by common bile duct ligation.RESULTS: No difficulty was faced during the procedures and the surgical recovery was uneventful. After seven days, the animals showed jaundice, bilirubinuria and acholic stools. Comparative ultrasonography allowed visualization of hepatomegaly, cholecystomegaly and increased caliber of the common bile duct in all the animals, as well as changes resulting from cholestasis. The morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in diameter of the gallbladders and left lateral liver lobes.CONCLUSION: Pigs represent appropriate experimental models for investigation of obstructive jaundice, and ultrasonography has shown to be sensitive, playing a relevant role in the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in such animals.

Biliary bypass surgery - Analysis of indications and outcome of different procedures

This study reports the indications and outcome of various biliary bypass surgical procedures from a single centre over a period of 10 years. This is a prospective observational study conducted over a period of 10 years [January 2001-december 2010]. A total of 1500 patients were included, who underwent pancreatico-biliary surgery due to common bile duct [CBD] stones, congenital anomalies of biliary tree, unoperable pancreatico-biliary malignancies, CBD strictures and cases who developed iatrogenic biliary injuries during cholecystectomy [both open and laproscopic] during this period of time. The patients who required biliary bypass surgery were further analysed for indications and outcome. Out of 1500 patients 83 [5.53%] required biliary bypass surgical procedures. The CBD stones were observed as the most common indication [25.3%], followed by CBD injuries after open [10.84%] or laproscopic-cholecystectomy [14.46%], carcinoma head of pancreas [12.05%] and CBD obstruction [14.46%] either due to CBD strictures or unknown distal obstruction. Roux-en-Y-hepatico-jejunostomy [26.51%] was the most frequently performed procedure, followed by choledochoduodenostomy and Roux-en-Y choledocho-jejunostomy [i.e. 25.3% and 12.05% respectively]. Roux-en-Y biliary bypass procedure was observed to be associated with better outcome in terms of rate of complications as well duration of hospital stay. Biliary bypass surgical procedures are the better options to restore the continuity of biliary system in patients with iatrogenic biliary tree injuries and un-operable pancreatico-biliary malignancy. Roux-en-Y biliary bypass procedure is safe and problem solving method in these cases

Efecto del tamaño de la incisión en la gravedad de la lesin de la vía biliar iatrogénica posterior a colecistectomía abierta / Association between wound size after open cholecystectomy with severity of iatrogenic biliary tract lesions

Antecedentes: La lesión transoperatoria de la vía biliar durante la colecistectomía abierta y laparoscópica es un evento catastrófico que se asocia con morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. El objetivo fue documentar si el tamaño de la incisión en colecistectomía abierta está asociado a lesiones más complejas de la vía biliar. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo de marzo de 2006 a febrero de 2007. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes con lesiones de la vía biliar posterior a colecistectomía abierta. Se analizó el tamaño de la incisión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 66 pacientes, 70% del sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 44 años. El 70% fue tratado por colecistitis aguda. La mayoría tuvo sobrepeso o sufría diferentes grados de obesidad. En 76% de los casos, la lesión no fue advertida durante el procedimiento quirúrgico primario. Todos los pacientes con lesión de vía biliar grave (Strasberg E-3 y E-4) tuvieron incisiones menores a 10 cm de longitud. El tamaño de la incisión se asoció con lesiones inadvertidas (p=0.000), así como con el grado de lesión (p=0.000). No pudo demostrarse asociación estadísticamente significativa entre lesiones de la vía biliar y colecistectomía electiva o urgente, e incisión quirúrgica media o subcostal para la colecistectomía. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el acceso quirúrgico menor durante la colecistectomía abierta puede ser un factor de riesgo, ya que incisiones pequeñas se asociaron con lesiones de la vía biliar más graves e imposibilidad para reconocer este daño durante el procedimiento. Sugerimos cumplir estrictamente los principios quirúrgicos de una adecuada exposición durante la colecistectomía abierta como medida para prevenir lesiones de la vía biliar.

BACKGROUND: Transoperative biliary tract injury during open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a catastrophic event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to determine if wound size during open cholecystectomy is associated with more complex biliary tract injuries. METHODS: Prospective cohort study performed between March 2006 and February 2007. Sixty-six patients with biliary tract injuries after open cholecystectomy were included. Wound size was analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty six patients were included, 70% were female with a median age of 44. Seventy four percent were treated for acute cholecystitis. Most participants were overweight or had various degrees of obesity. Biliary tract injuries were not recognized during the primary surgical procedure in 76% of cases. All patients with severe biliary tract injuries (Strasberg E-3 and E-4) had a wound size less than 10 cm in length. Wound size was associated with unrecognized injuries (p=0.000), as well as with injury severity (p=0.000). We were notable to demonstrate a statistically significant association between biliary tract injuries and elective or emergency surgical procedures and midline or subcostal surgical incision for cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that minor surgical access during open cholecystectomy may constitute a risk factor since smaller incisions were associated with more severe biliary tract injuries and an inability to observe this damage during the surgical procedure. We suggest to adhere strictly to the guidelines of an adequate surgical exposure during open cholecystectomy to prevent biliary tract injuries.

Endoscopic management of postcholecystectomy bile leak

This prospective study was done to evaluate the results of endoscopic management of patients with postcholecystectomy biliary leak. Between July 1999 and July 2005, 31 patients [18 men and 13 women, aged from 16 to 67 with mean age 49 + 12.1 years] underwent endoscopic management for postcholecystectomy bile leak in the Endoscopy Unit of Minia University Hospital. In 29 of 31 patients [93.5%], endoscopic management was effective, safe, without mortality and the reported complications were treated by endoscopic management. The mean hospital stay for treatment of the leak was 6.1 + 4.3 days. During follow up, 60% of patients of major bile duct leaks developed biliary stricture formation and endoscopic management was repeated, which was successful in 50% of patients. Two patients of complete transection of common bile duct [CBD] underwent primary surgical therapy. Endoscopic management is safe and effective in the diagnosis and treatment of post-cholecystectomy bile leaks. Long-term results show that its efficacy and success is less in cases of major bile duct leaks due to subsequent biliary stricture formation. Surgical treatment is indicated in cases of complete transection of CBD and in cases of subsequent stricture formation

Biliary tract surgery; surgical complications

Surgical complication after biliary tract injury are serious complications of Hepatobiliary surgery. The incidence of iatrogenic bile duct injuries has increased significantly since the number of cholecystectomy operations have increased, laparoscopic cholecystectomy became the "gold standard", mini-cholecystectomy established for the treatment of cholelithiasis. Intraoperative hemorrhage can be life-threatening or may lead the death. The common uses of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and mini-cholecystectomy have made the young surgeons less familiar with open cholecystectomy procedure and the approaches to manage the biliary tract injuries. Uncommonly the patient had to undergo hepatic transplantation secondary to biliary tract surgery with several vessel injuries or biliary cirrhosis. Postoperative bile leakage can be managed by effective drainage as soon as possible. These complications uncommon with the expert surgeons, but common with comparatively inexperienced surgeons. There is no substitute of experience and caution in biliary surgery for optimization technique

indications for conversion in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

To assess the indications of conversion in laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC], regarding the critical time, age, gender, and severity of gallbladder inflammation. A retrospective study. Departments of Laparoscopic Surgery at AL-Salam and Al-Zahrawi Teaching Hospitals in Mosul. Four hundred patients with gallbladder pathology. The indications for conversion were evaluated. Retrospectively, patients in whom conversion to open cholecystectomy [OC] was needed were divided into two groups. The first included those where the surgeon felt unsafe to continue the procedure, while the second included those where a complication obliged the surgeon to convert the procedure to an open one. The study included 325 female and 75 male patients; their age range was 16 to 71 for females and 21 to 68 year for males. Eighty patients had acute cholecystitis of whom 15 patients had complicated form and 320 had chronic cholecystitis. Conversion to OC was needed in 30 patients [7.5%], 20 females and 10 males; 19 patients with acute and 11 patients with chronic cholecystitis. The first group included 24 patients; the indications were extensive adhesions, complicated gallbladder inflammation, and associated pathology. The second group included 6 patients. The explorations were needed because of uncontrolled bleeding, biliary tract injury and failure to induce safe insufflation. Conversion of LC to open procedure is a safe key which should be used whenever there is uncertainty about the safety of the procedure in order to avoid complication. Severe and complicated inflammation of the gallbladder and extensive adhesions are the most common indications for early conversion, while bleeding and biliary injury are the most frequent complications that necessitate conversion. Male sex and old age showed higher incidence of conversion

Biliary mishaps in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

AIM: To determine the incidence and types of biliary complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our patients. METHODS: The clinical records of one hundred and fifty-five patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. RESULTS: Five patients developed biliary mishaps. The overall incidence of biliary complications was 3.2% (5/155). The incidence of major complications was 1.9% (3/155) and the incidence of minor biliary complications was 1.2% (2/155). In 3 out of 5 patients the mishap was attributed to developmental anomalies. Dense pericholecystic adhesions and cystic duct blow out were responsible for biliary complications in one patient each. Bilioenteric anastomosis was performed in two patients and restoration of continuity of the common hepatic duct over a T-tube was done in one patient. Side hole in an accessory duct was repaired over a T-tube and cystic duct blow out was managed with endoscopic biliary drainage alone. CONCLUSIONS: A high index of suspicion of developmental anomalies, cautions approach in difficult cases and readiness to consider conversion to open cholecystectomy are recommended to reduce the incidence of biliary complications in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Post-cholecystectomy bile leak new classification and management

The aim of this prospective study was to identify the cases of bile leak and their subsequent management in view of the up-to-date Gouma classification. Twelve patients with bile leak and suspected biliary tract injury were included in the study [11 females and one male with a mean age of 46 years]. Ten patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and two patients had open cholecystectomy; they were subjected to history, clinical examination, liver function tests, ultrasound and ERCP. They were classified by Gouma 1998 into four groups [A, B, C and D] according to the type of the lesion. The study concluded that most of the patients with bile leak can be classified and managed successfully by ERCP and those who had concomitant bile duct injury that be treated surgically with Rou en Y biliary enteric bypass

Colección biliar extraductal psotraumática intrahepática / Posttraumatic intrahepatic extraductal bibliary collection

Antecedentes. Las colecciones biliares extraductales intrahepáticas son una complicación rara en casos de trauma abdominal. Objetivo. Describir dos pacientes con diagnóstico de colección biliar extraductal intrahepática postraumática. Informe de los casos. Se trató de dos hombres politraumatizados, uno por trauma cerrado y el segundo por trauma penetrante; en los dos casos las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron fiebre e ictericia. La tomografía computada fue el método de diagnóstico más utilizado, que demostró las colecciones intrahepáticas. En los dos pacientes las colecciones biliares fueron drenadas quirúrgicamente, y solo uno evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones. Las colecciones biliares extraductales intrahepáticas postraumáticas son una complicación rara de los traumatismos abdominales, y deben ser sospechadas cuando en el paciente con lesión hepática aparezcan ictericia, fiebre y/o dolor en hipocondrio derecho entre la segunda y sexta semana posterior al trauma abdominal

Lesiones quirúrgicas de la vía biliar: incidencia, tratamiento y resultados alejados de la reparación / Bile duct injury: incidence, treatment and long term results after reconstruction

Se presentan 22 casos de lesión quirúrgica de la vía biliar, 9 autóctonas y 13 derivadas. Los objetivos del presente trabajo consisten en: 1- analizar la incidencia; 2- describir el momento respecto de la cirugía en el cual fueron reconocidas, el tipo de lesión observada, la manifestación clínica y la forma de reparación; 3- analizar la morbilidad y mortalidad inmediatas, así como los resultados alejados. Se analizaron los resultados alejados por el método de Kaplan-Meier. La incidencia global en la cirugía hepatobiliar benigna fue del 0,36 por ciento. El seguimiento promedio fue de 35,2 meses (2-106). La mortalidad inmediata incluyó 2 pacientes. El 40 por ciento de las coledocoanastomosis presentaron episodios colangíticos por estenosis que fue resuelta satisfactoriamente con dilatación endoscópica en el 75 por ciento de los casos. El 11 por ciento de las hepaticoyeyunoanastomosis presentó un cuadro colangítico que cedió con antibioticoterapia.

Lesiones de la vía biliar secundaria a colecistectomía laparoscópica / Biliary tract injuries orgined during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy

La colecistectomía laparoscópica, se ha convertido en el procedimiento de elección para el tratamiento de la litiasis vesicular y alguna de sus complicaciones. No obstante la lesión de la vía biliar principal con este método, permanece con porcentajes superiores a los observados en la colecistectomía a cielo abierto. Entre Octubre de 1992 y Junio de 1995 tratamos 11 pacientes con diagnóstico de Lesión quirúrgica de la Vía Biliar que tuvieron como origen una Colecistectomía Laparoscópica. Nueve eran mujeres con un promedio etario de 42 años. Fueron derivados de otros centros 9 enfermos y 2 correspondieron a nuestro servicio . Se realizó colangiografía intraoperatoria sólo a los pacientes de nuestro Hospital. La lesión de la vía biliar fue advertida en 3 pacientes e inadvertida en 8. Los casos diagnosticados fueron convertidos y reparados. De los 8 casos inadvertidos, 1 fue convertido por hemorragia, los demás fueron detectados en el postoperatorio. De los pacientes derivados, 8 tenían algún intento de reparación previo, 3 presentaban 3 cirugías, 4 presentaban dos, y 2 presentaban uno. En 5 casos se realizó bi-hepaticoyuyeno anastomosis, en 2 tri-hepaticoyuyeno anastomosis, en 1 hepaticoyuyeno anastomosis con el hepático derecho, en 1 hepatoyuyeno anastomosis con el colector posterior derecho y en otro anastomosis término-terminal bilio-biliar sobre tubo de Kehr. Un enfermo fue tratado mediante un drenaje percutáneo. El promedio de internación post cirugía fue de 12 días, y en terapia intensiva un promedio de 2 días. La morbilidad global fue de 5 casos (45,5 por ciento), 3 colangitis y 1 hemoperitoneo y 1 sepsis. No se registró mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Concluimos que la colecistectomía laparoscópica sigue causando más lesiones de vía biliar que la cirugía convencional, con lesiones más graves, más altas y complejas que las producidas durante la colecistectomía convencional, existiendo una marcada tendencia a no comunicarlas, siendo el momento óptimo para su reparación el mismo acto operatorio luego de producida la lesión. La colangiografía intraoperatoria debe ser realizada en forma rutinaria, ya que ayuda a detectar la lesión y evita una injuria mayor. Dado que en la reparación definitiva se juega el futuro del paciente, la misma debería ser ejecutada sólo en centros con experiencia en la materia

Lesiones quirúrgicas de las vías biliares: a propósito de la actual era de la colecistectomía videolaparoscópica / Surgical lesions of biliary duct in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy time

Se analizan 15 casos de lesiones quirúrgicas de las vías biliares, tratadas en 22 años, de 3168 operaciones en las vías biliares. Tres fueron reconocidas en el mismo acto operatorio y se solucionaron en ese momento. Las 12 restantes se diagnosticaron en el post-operatorio. Los métodos diagnósticos de elección fueron la colangiografía transparietohepática y/o la colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica, complementado por ecografía y tomografía computada. El tratamiento de elección fue la hepáticoyeyunoanastomosis con una mortalidad del 13%y una morbilidad del 26%. El porcentaje de estenosis de la anastomosis fue del 13%; se destaca la vigencia actual del tema, debido al auge de la colecistectomía videolaparoscópica

La colangiografía transcística durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica / Cystic duct cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

En 10 meses se realizaron 95 colecistectomías laparoscópicas, intentándose en todos los casos la colangiografía transcística. En 90 casos (94.7%) fue posible visualizar radiológicamente la vía biliar. En cuatro casos no, por presentar un conducto cístico fino y escleroso y en el restante por haberse seccionado el mismo en forma inadvertida. No hubo complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica de cateterización. El tiempo promedio para realizarla fue de 20 minutos. Se diagnosticaron 4 litiasis coledocianas insospechadas (4.4%) en pacientes sin factores predictivos de esta patología. Ambos se resolvieron convirtiendo la operación. No hubo ninguna lesión biliar. La colangiografía intraoperatoria en la colecistectomía laparoscópica, es posible de realizar en la mayoría de los casos, aportando datos muy importantes que hacen a esta cirugía más segura y completa. Esto nos inclina a aconsejar la realización sistemática de la colangiografía en el transcurso de la colecistectomía laparoscópica

Lesiones quirúrgicas de la via biliar / Surgical lesions of the biliary tract

Se presentan 48 pacientes con lesiones quirúrgicas de las vías biliares, 31 de ellos mujeres. La media etaria fue de 46,1 años. Trece fueron advertidas y 35 inadvertidas. Los medios diagnósticos más usados fueron la ECO,TCA y colangiografía percutánea. El procedimiento de reparación de elección fue la hepáticoyeyuno-anastomosis en Y de Roux utilizada en 39 oportunidades. Dos pacientes de esta serie recibieron sendos trasplantes hepáticos por tratarse de cirróticos terminales con grave hipertensión portal. El drenaje percutáneo descomprensivo fue utilizado en 7 casos, la dilatación neumática y prótesis autoexpansible en 1 caso de reestenosis. La mortalidad global de la serie, incluidos los trasplantes hepáticos, fue del 8,3%. La mortalidad del 33